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Session Detail (parallel)

Affinities in motion: Pacific kinship alternatives

Coordinator(s)


Melissa Demian


Session presentation

The study of kinship across Oceania has long recognised that social relationships in the region can be highly mobile in nature, often encompassing great distances or multiple countries. At the same time, much of this scholarship emphasises the work people do to maintain ‘traditional’ forms of kinship in the face of migration, displacement, and the effects of historical or ongoing colonial domination. Even as those forms adapt continuously to meet new demands, the canonical idea of social reproduction through descent and marriage is still the one most often imagined by academics, policymakers, and media voices when they talk about the resilience and importance of Pacific families.

This panel turns instead to the other forms of social connection on which people in many Pacific contexts are increasingly reliant, sometimes in parallel with ‘traditional’ family structures, and sometimes in lieu of families that have proven not to be so resilient after all, or whose demands and expectations outweigh any support they might provide. These connections are often formed in spaces where people’s presence is transient, such as schools, sports teams, military bases, mining or seasonal workers’ camps. Or they may be spaces with more longevity but that are marginal in nature, such as informal peri-urban settlements, community groups too small to be on the radars of NGOs or government bodies, and networks of LGBT people who seek safety and resource-sharing with each other in some of the more conservative nations of the Pacific.

The panel welcomes considerations of what these marginal or highly mobile affinities imply, not only for their expansive potential in discussing what Pacific kinship is in the present era, but also for creating an opportunity to make visible those social connections that support people’s mutual flourishing, but may have nothing to do with ‘kinship’ at all.


Paper submissions are closed



Accepted papers


Mixed-up life-cycles: An alternative look on male and female Baruya initiations (Papua New Guinea)



Pascale Bonnemère (Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, EHESS)


The paper offers a preliminary comparative analysis of ritual practices for boys and girls among the Baruya of Papua New Guinea. Primarily based on my own observations and interviews as well as on M. Godelier’s fieldnotes, it shows how the life courses of boys and girls are in resonance at key points in time.
In another group belonging to the Anga cultural and linguistic set, the Ankave, I have shown that when taking into account the behaviours required during such rituals not only of men but also of some categories of women, they can be analysed as an ordered series of relational transformations where the presence of all the involved characters, be they male or female, are needed.
The paper will first try to see if an analysis of a similar kind may be applied to the Baruya material. Such an analysis offers a way to see if an alternative approach combining an attention to gender (as in existing analyses of male initiations) with one focused on forms of kinship, whatever they may be, is fruitful beyond the Ankave case.
Rituals are highly constrained forms of social behaviours, with their own experts, rules, gestures, taboos that are repeated from one generation to the next. To try to tackle the topic of the session, we may wonder about these kin that my analysis of the Ankave rituals have put to the fore: Are they replaceable by others, embodying more elective relationships? In other words, is there a potential plasticity in terms of the different actors involved in initiations?

Referral pathways and mutual aid: Urban women in PNG seeking alternatives to law in the aftermath of violence



Melissa Demian (University of St Andrews)


Women in Papua New Guinea (PNG) live with some of the highest rates of domestic violence in the world outside of war zones, according to bodies such as Médecins Sans Frontières. Both government and NGO bodies working in urban contexts have sought to address this problem with a host of 'referral pathways' that attempt to channel women seeking help through the law enforcement and courts systems, with the aim of putting perpetrators in jail, enabling women to seek divorce, and in some cases 'repatriating' them back to a place of origin outside of the city.

Research with women's community groups in the peri-urban settlements of Lae, PNG's second city and economic capital, paints a different picture of both domestic violence and its potential solutions. Where such violence is conceived as including everything from a refusal to support children to marital abandonment, the legal system is regarded as belonging to a regime of subtracting or rupturing relationships and potentially causing further violence. The notion of 'the village' as a place of safety to which women could be removed does not address the reasons why many women migrate to the city in the first place. Instead, many of the groups in our research seek to embed women in new relationships of mutual support within their settlement communities, regardless of the state of their marriages, in order to create forms of life and livelihood in the city that legal solutions cannot offer.

Forms of economy and sociality in a Fijian squatter settlement



Geir Henning Presterudstuen (University of Bergen)


In this paper I trace the human economy of an informal urban settlement in Fiji. Drawing upon ongoing ethnographic fieldwork in the peri-urban edge-lands outside Nadi town my discussion focuses on the everyday strategies squatters employ in order to secure their livelihoods at the fringes of the expanding market economy. Rather than analysing these mundane strategies of survival in simple economistic terms, I am interested in them as processes of culture- and place-making, and pay particular attention to human-environmental relations and new forms of socialities that emerge in the heterogeneous, rapidly changing, and unstable context of squatter settlements. More broadly I am interested in using this particular study to reimagine theories of urban mobility, dispossession, urban poverty and everyday politics of distribution from the starting point of the margins in the global south.

Empirical Art and the Transcultural va (the space that relates): Social Health, Useful Filmmaking and the Socio Spatial Art of Tongan Responsibility



Mike Poltorak (University of Kent)


The Healer and the Psychiatrist is an ethnographic documentary that attempts to encourage greater collaboration between healers and medical practitioners in Tonga and in the Tongan diapora and to improve health outcomes and health communication strategies. The film is based on medical anthropological research since 1998. It integrates the use of film as research documentation with the Tongan inspired vernacular use to connect people at distance. Spiritual healing in Tonga, of the kind the key protagonist in the documentary Emeline Lolohea practices, is an performative art. Through massage, speaking and use of plant extracts she moves attention away from spirits with whom the afflicted have developed varying degrees of relationship, and returns it to family and responsibilities. The healing socio spatial shifts of attention, require cultural, local, religious knowledge as well as oratorical skills. There are strong resonances between the intention and value of vernacular video making in Tonga and the social art of healing. Vernacular video making intends to link family members at a distance in gratitude for their contribution to important life cycle events such as funerals, and help people see who they are connected to and the responsibilities they entail. This paper explores how filmmaking in Tonga is an empirical art and how empiricising the va (the space that relates) in one vital screening of the documentary, is an opportunity to make explicit the web of relationships th

Coercive dynamics of male youth in contemporary rural French Polynesia : being first among equals



Aurélien Esgonnière du Thibeuf (Aix-Marseille University)


North of Taha'a (French Polynesia), a significant proportion of young men experience their daily lives together. Their relationship to paid work and money, as well as the way they organise their time and they conceptualise its flow (notion of "fiu": boredom), establish a first form of mutual recognition of a common framework of experience. These initial elements make it possible to lay the definitional foundations of their “entre-soi”, understood as a principle of gathering individuals who claim a common belonging, a feeling of equality, according to their own hierarchy of values. Through the collective consumption of food, alcohol and marijuana, this egalitarian principle is reinforced by continuous acts of commensality and consubstantiality, although the handling of these substances is also a vector of distinctions between peers. This process of distinction continues during the sports, leisure or work activities most commonly undertaken by these peer groups. These activities are stages for the recognition of the values that form the basis of their “being-the-same” and contribute to their hierarchisation according to a mainly physical order. The notions of belonging and recognition specific to these peer groups are then linked to these physical qualities which are expressed and put to the test in a continuous manner, through various challenges and competitions which translate a common aspiration: "to be the first among equals".

How does gender liminality shape family bonds and solidarity? The case of māhū and raerae from Tahiti (French Polynesia)



Mickael Durand (INED)


Gender liminal persons (Besnier, 1994) are present on all the Pacific territories. On Tahiti, they are called māhū and raerae, according to the individual feminization process. The literature on gender liminality in the Pacific revolves around gender performance and a socio-historical approach of local categories (Besnier & Alexeyeff, 2014). The question of how gender liminal persons relate to their family has not been very much investigated, despite the fact that violence within the family space is well known. At the same time, job insecurity, unemployment, and economic difficulties are important on Tahiti, and living or surviving often relies on sharing resources and on family solidarity. This paper aims at investigating the question of māhū’s and raerae’s links to their family. How do transgender individuals deal with family violence? How to maintain family solidarity in a case of gender deviance? How does their gender liminality shape family bonds and solidarity?
The paper is based on a two months fieldwork in Tahiti and 24 in-depth semi-structured interviews (6 māhū, 9 raerae, 6 gay males). The paper will argue that māhū and raerae relate to family in a similar way but the two categories nonetheless imply differences regarding family integration. The paper will show first that both categories have a moral role in the family, but that raerae put more aside their family then do māhū, while family solidarity depends on conflicts and grudge hold from childhood violence.