Back to Conference session list

Session Detail (parallel)

Pacific spaces - performing identities in diasporic networks

Coordinator(s)


Albert L Refiti, A. - [Chris]tina Engels-Schwarzpaul


Session presentation

Over thousands of years, Polynesian people travelling the Pacific created their own universe, and wayfinders were tasked with projecting ancient knowledge into the unknown. Engagement took place not only between Pacific neighbours, but with many groups and nations from elsewhere, often (though not always) on their own terms and interests. As contemporary Pacific people travel globally, wayfinding involves navigating diasporic connections and (per)forming new types of spaces, relationships and identities.

Outside of their original home, in places like London, Hamburg or Berlin, Pacific houses have demonstrated the performative power of indigenous buildings’ iconicity and relationality. On the other hand, critical issues arise from an exponentially growing global commodification of indigenous cultures, in which Pacific houses are used to stimulate imagination and identification. In response, Pacific people have called on the power of bodies, rituals and performance to create spaces on their own terms.

Papers are invited that address questions such as,

• Which associations arise out of new configurations between Europe and the Pacific, and how do they manifest in different types or uses of space?
• How do Pacific buildings in global scenic spaces (e.g., in museums, exhibitions, theme parks and resorts) perform to construct and enact Pacific identities over time, and what types of performance do they enable or prevent?
• Which new identities are produced in specific trans-local constellations, and how do they relate to notions of authenticity and sustainability?
• How have Pacific ritual and performance traditions been given and denied space within both the Pacific and in Europe, and how has this shaped relationships?
• How is the body conceived as site, vessel or repository of cultural knowledge in different Pacific and European contexts, and which powers or vulnerabilities arise from this?


Paper submissions are closed



Accepted papers


Negotiating strategies: reclaiming Pacific spatialities



Marie Karamia Muller (University of Auckland)


Contemporary Pacific peoples continue to negotiate indigenous worldviews with shifting spatialities that are ontologically western focused. This on-going mediation is fraught with complexity; a colonized history presents a condition of alterity, globalization presents a broader context of economies, polities and geographies that are in continual shift. New unforeseen dynamics can operate as devices of further separation, creating new typologies of distance and marginalization. Given this condition of flux, it is critical to evaluate strategies that counter such forces. In this paper I explore new digital typologies of identity in Pacific spatialities. Examining how digital media platforms create opportunities for Pacific people to assert identity. In particular how the digital reproduction of old Pacific symbols and codes reaffirms Pacific ideas of an indigenous self within space. Addressing technological expressions of self are an interesting proposition for the location of an indigenous self within the World Wide Web. The past decade has seen the proliferation of social media platforms, indicating that relational activity in space is a globally relevant condition. For Pacific diaspora, such connectivity has a social potential to proactively re-appropriate, re-commodify and re-indigenize identities, experiences and symbols. Repositioning how Pacific identity is constructed within a contemporary globalized world. Such cultural assertions are taking place as an extension of traditional social values systems and outside them. This paper examines the intersectionality between emergent models of Pacific occupation of space and traditional models that exist in Pacific social hierarchies. Further it presents how these intersections begin to suggest how technologies may be harnessed in mobilizing contemporary Pacific peoples to reclaim Pacific knowledges, positionalities and spatialities.

Key words:
Pacific, contemporary, technology, Internet, inclusivity, connectivity, spatiality

References:

Allen, Anne E Guernsey. Space as Social Construct: The Vernacular Architecture of Rural Samoa. PhD (Art History). Colombia University, New York, 1993.

Anae, Melani. “Fofoa-i-Vao-‘Ese: The Identity Journeys of NZ-born Samoans.” PhD (Anthropology). University of Auckland, Auckland. 1998.

Austin, Mike. “Pacific Island Architecture,” Fabrications: The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand 11, no. 2 (2001): 13-19.

Bhabha, K.Homi. The location of culture. London: Routeledge, 1994.

Brown, Deidre.“Ko to ringa ki nga rakau a te Pakeha - Virtual Taonga Maori and Museums.” Visual Resources: An International Journal of Documentation 24, no. 1 (2008): 59-75.

Brown, Deidre and Nicholas, George. “Protecting indigenous cultural property in the age of digital democracy: Institutional and communal responses to Canadian First Nations and Māori heritage concerns,” Journal of Material Culture 17, no. 3 (2012): 307-324.

Buck, Peter H. Samoan Material Culture Hawaii: Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 1930.

Connor, Michael. “Post-Internet: What It Is and What It Was.” In You are Here Art After the Internet, edited by Omar Kholeif, 57-65. Manchester: Cornerhouse, 2014.

Cubitt, Sean. “Decolonizing Ecomedia,” Cultural Politics 10, no. 3 (2014): 275-286.

Hernández, F. Thinkers for Architects: Bhabha for Architects. New York: Routledge, 2010.
Hernandez, Gil-Manuel. “The deterritorialization of cultural heritage,” Journal of Contemporary Culture 1 (2006): 92-107.

‘Ilaiu, Charmaine. “Tauhi Vā: The first space.” Interstices Journal of Architecture and Related Arts 10 (2009): 20-31.

‘Ilaiu, Charmaine. “Persistence of the Fale Tonga.” MArch Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland. 2007.

Lehner, Eric, Hermann Mückler, and Ulrike Herbig. Das architektonische Erbe Samoas. Vienna: Neuer Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 2007.

Macpherson, Cluny and La’avasa Macpherson. The Warm Winds of Change: Globalisation in Contemporary Sāmoa. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2009.

Mahina, ‘Okusitino. Tufunga Lalava: The Tongan art of Lineal and Spatial Intersection. In Filipe Tohi: Genealogy of Lines: Hohoko e Tohitohi, edited by Simon Rees, 5-9. New Plymouth: Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, 2002.

Mallon, Sean. Samoan Art & Artists O Measina a Samoa. Nelson: Craig Potton Publishing, 2002.
Mallon, Sean. Pacific art Niu Sila: the Pacific dimension of contemporary New Zealand arts. Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2002.

Muller, Karamia. “Matā’upu-fausaga fa’aopopo i fale ma maota o tagata mai le atu nu’u Sāmoa.” MArch Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland. 2011.

Nalbantoğlu, B.Gülsüm and Wong Chong Thai, Introduction to Postcolonial Space(s), edited by Gülsüm. B. Nalbantoğlu and Wong Chong Thai, 7-12. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1997.

Neich, Roger. Material Culture of Western Samoa: Persistence and change. Wellington: National Museum of New Zealand. 1985.

Neich, Roger, and Mike Pendergrast. Tapa of the Pacific. Auckland: David Bateman Ltd, 2001.

Neich, Roger, and Mike Pendergrast. Pacific Tapa. Auckland: David Bateman Ltd, 2001.

Poutaine, F. Sēmisi. “Tectonic of the fale: four dimensional, three divisional”. MArch Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland. 2010.

Pule, John and Nicholas Thomas. Hiapo Past and Present in Niuean barkcloth. Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 2005.

Refiti, L. Albert. “A ‘Psychedelic Method’: Spatial Exposition, Perspectivism and Bricklaying.” In Of other Thoughts: Non-Traditional Ways to the Doctorate: A Guidebook for Candidates and Supervisors, edited by A.-Chr. Engels-Schwarzpaul and Michael A. Peters, 27-33. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2013.

Salmond, Anne. “Ontological quarrels: Indigeneity, exclusion and citizenship in a relational world.” Anthropological Theory 12, no.2 (2012): 115-141.

Smith, Tuhiwai Linda. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. Dunedin: Otago University. 2012.

Tcherkézoff. Serge. “Culture, Nation, Society.” In The changing South Pacific Identities and Transformations, edited by Serge Tcherkézoff and Francoise Douaire-Marsaudon. Translated by Nora Scott, 245-332. Canberra: Pandanus Books, 2005.

Van der Ryn, Fepulea’i Micah Gabriel. “The Difference Walls Make’: Cultural Dynamics and Implications of Change in Sāmoan Architectural Traditions and Socio-Spatial Practices (1940-2006).” PhD (Anthropology), University of Auckland, Auckland, 2012.

When the Connection to Place and Culture is Lost: Climate Change, Relocation and the Future of Pacific Arts and Crafts



Violeta Schubert (University of Melbourne)

Lindy Joubert


This paper is concerned with the intangible and ephemeral aspects of culture that are embedded in a relationship between people, place and culture. The raw materials as well as the human creativity and skill entailed in Pacific arts and crafts are dependent on a symbiotic relationship between people, place and culture that is increasingly under threat. The threats to Pacific societies with rising sea levels, climate change and forced relocation presents fundamental ruptures and challenges to the way that identity, cultural practices and knowledge is constructed and transmitted. The everyday nuance of connectedness between environments, the materials and the way of life that produces a unique Pacific expression are often omitted from consideration in relocation plans. The alterities of place and meaning that come with the compelled relocations of Pacific people is of particular interest for us and will be explored from the perspectives of the compulsion to abstractionism and atomisation of culture that are inherent to movement and relocation discourses, especially as most Pacific communities continue to be concerned with preservation and promotion of cultural products and modes of engagement with the world. Indeed, when such changes are taking place to the relationship between people, place and culture, it also threatens the innate sense of unity and wholeness entailed in producing arts, crafts, and performance. If culture is within us, are there some parts of us that are left behind in ‘place’? We provide case studies based on ongoing research and community projects relating to arts, crafts and education and the meanings of intangible cultural heritage, with particular attention to projects and field trips across the pacific for the UNESCO Observatory’s cultural village projects.


Key References:

Adger, W.N., 2003, ‘Social Capital, Collective Action, and Adaptation to Climate Change’, Economic Geography, Vol.79, No.4, pp.387-404

Adger, W.N, J. Barnett, F.S Chapin III & H. Ellemor, 2011, 'This Must Be the Place: Underrepresentation of Identity and Meaning in Climate Change Decision-Making, Global Environmental Politics Vol.11, No.2, pp.1-25


Crate, S. A., 2011, 'Climate and Culture: Anthropology in the Era of Contemporary Climate Change', Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 40, pp.175–9

Farbotko, F & H. Lazrus, 2012, ‘The first climate refugees? Contesting global narratives of climate change in Tuvalu’, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 22, No.2, pp. 382-390

Henry, R & W. Jeffrey, 2008, 'Waterworld: the heritage dimensions of ‘climate change’ in the Pacific', Historic Environment, Vol.21 No.1, pp.12-18

Logan, W & K. Reeves (ends), 2009, Places of Pain and Shame: Dealing with 'Difficult Heritage', Rutledge

Nielsen, B., 2011, ‘The UNESCO and the ‘right’ kind of culture’: bureaucratic production and articulation’, Critique of Anthropology, Vol.31, No.4, pp.273-292

Nunn, P, 2009, ‘Responding to the challenges of climate change in the Pacific Islands: management and technological imperatives’, Climate Research, Vol.40, pp.211-231

Pieterse, J., 2006, ‘Social capital and migration – beyond ethnic economies’, in Sarah A. Radcliffe (ed.) Culture and Development in Globalizing World

Stolcke, V., 1995, ‘Talking culture: new boundaries, new rhetorics of exclusion in Europe’, Current Anthropology, Vol.36, No.1, Special Issue: Ethnographic Authority and Cultural Explanation (Feb., 1995), pp.1-24

UNESCO, 2013, Traditional Knowledge for Adapting to Climate Change: Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Pacific, joint publication by UNESCO Office for the Pacific States, Samoa & International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region, Republic of Korea


A typology of space, the Samoan concept of va and the Samoan fale



I'u Tuagalu (Auckland University of Technology)


The equation of Samoan va with relational space of the social kind is very popular with contemporary diasporean academics and artists, primarily as a means of marking identity. However, the notion requires further refinement and explication.

This paper will firstly, outline a typology of space, namely mathematical, objective , psychological and social spaces. The interrelations between the four types of space will also be described. Different worldviews (or different individual beliefs about space) will involve different configurations or relations between the different types of space, eg, social space being reduced to psychological space. Secondly, the Samoan concept of va will be outlined. The concept will be shown to be pervasive in Samoan thought. Various types of va will also be examined. Thirdly, the outlined typology of space will be used to explain to the notion of va in relation to transposed fale, where there is the observation that “the house has become an index of identity rather than as a marker of a family’s social standing in the village malae” (Engels-Schwarzpaul & Kumar, 2011, p. 14). The typology will be used to examine what people actually believe, for example, that social relations are seen as part of objective space, that is, external to the individual

This paper will show that when the additional attribute of a binding force is added to the generic notion of space (va), ie, the distance between two given points, (which is a mathematical space), different types of va can be derived. My main thesis is that the indigenous beliefs about the “relationality” of the fale is, that it exists in objective space, not just social space; so, there is a real force that binds objects together, that is activated through ritual.

Key references:

Engels-Schwarzpaul, T., & Kumar, B. (2011). The fale Samoa at Tropical Islands Resort, Germany: Performing Samoa to the world. Presented at the Samoa Conference II: Tracing Footprints of Tomorrow: Past Lessons, Present Stories, Future Lessons., National University of Samoa.

Hiroa, T. R. (1930). Samoan material culture. Hawaii,HI: Bernice P Bishop Museum.

Jammer, M. (1993). Concepts of space: The history of theories of space in physics. Mineola, NY: Dover.

Kramer, A. (1994). The Samoa Islands: An outline of a monograph with particular consideration of German Samoa. (T. Verhaaren, Trans.) (Vol. 1: Constitution, pedigree, and traditions). Auckland, New Zealand: Polynesian Press.

Kramer, A., & Verhaaren, T. (1994). The Samoan Islands: An outline of a monograph with particular consideration of German Samoa (Vol. 2: Material culture). Auckland, New Zealand: Polynesian Press.

Lafai-Sauoaiga, S. A. (2000). Mavaega i le tai. Auckland, New Zealand: Methodist Printing Press.

Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell.

Mageo, J. M., & Howard, A. (Eds.). (1996). Spirits in culture, history and mind. New York, NY: Routledge.

Moyle, R. M. (Ed.). (1984). The Samoan journals of John Williams 1830 and 1832. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University Press.

Schmidt, K. D. (2002). The aitu Nafanua and the history of Samoa: A study in the relationship between spiritual and temporal power. Australia National University, Canberra, Australia.

Shore, B. (2014). A view from the Islands: Spatial cognition in the Western Pacific. Ethos: Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology, 42(3), 376–397.

Shore, B. (1996). Culture in mind: Cognition, culture, and the problem of meaning. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Sua’alii-Sauni, T., Tuagalu I., Kirifi-Alai, T. N., & Fuamatu, N. (Eds.). (2009). Su’su’e manogi: In search of fragrance: Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Ta’isi and the Samoan Indigenous Reference. Apia, Samoa: Centre for Samoan Studies, National University of Samoa.

Sunia, F. I. F. (2003). Lupe o le foaga:(Toe teuteuina): Faamatalaina o aganuu pei ona faatino i ona po nei. American Samoa: Matagaluega o A’oga.

Tcherkezoff, S. (2008). First contacts in Polynesia: The Samoan case (1722-1848): Western misunderstandings about sexuality and divinity. Canberra, Australia: ANU E Press.

Tuagalu, I. (2008). Heuristics of the va. AlterNative, Special Edition(Special Issue), 108–126.

Wendt, A. (n.d.). Tatauing the post-colonial body. Span, 42-43, 15–29.

Rotumans in Europe: Digital and Physical Spaces for Interaction



Jan Rensel (University of Hawai'i-Manoa)


The island of Rotuma was ceded by its chiefs to Great Britain in 1881 and was governed as part of the Colony of Fiji until 1970, when Fiji was granted independence. Since then it has been part of the Republic of Fiji. The latter part of the 20th century saw an extensive diaspora of the Rotuman population, with an initial migration to Fiji, than further afield to New Zealand, Australia, the United States, Canada, and Europe. The result has been a reduction of the population on the home island to less than 2,000, while some 10,000 to 12,000 now live elsewhere. This has created a challenge to diasporic Rotumans concerning the establishment and maintenance of communities, both locally and globally—a challenge they have met in large part by creative use of the Internet, and especially Facebook, to create spaces for interaction, organizing activities, and promoting the use of the Rotuman language.

Our presentation at the ESfO conference in Brussels will focus on the ways in which Rotumans in Europe make use of a Facebook group they created — Rotumans in the UK, Ireland and Europe — a venue where they plan Rotuman gatherings, communicate in Rotuman ways, including using the Rotuman language, and discuss issues of concern to them as Rotumans. The group currently has 259 members, only a portion of whom are European residents. Most of the others are relatives and friends who live elsewhere, allowing for the maintenance of transnational bonds within the global Rotuman community while keeping the focus on the European contingent. This space affords the opportunity for the regular and ongoing practice of Rotuman modes of interaction despite geographical distance.

Besides providing a virtual space for interaction with other Rotumans, the group made use of the page to plan and disseminate information about a gathering in celebration of Rotuma Day (marking the cession of Rotuma to Great Britain on 13 May 1881).

Interestingly, although virtually all Rotumans in Europe are well off financially and the group could have selected an urban site such as a community center, they chose instead a camping site in Wales with minimal amenities. We contrast their choice with venue choices elsewhere, such as in urban settings in Fiji, Australia, Canada, and the US mainland, where face-to-face interaction among Rotumans on a regular basis is readily organized. This is relevant because formal group dances (tautoga), requiring extensive rehearsing, are central features in such places. Tautoga are performed before audiences whose accommodation is an important consideration in the selection of an appropriate site. In contrast, the European Rotuman community is scattered, making rehearsals and performances unfeasible; hence the emphasis on other aspects of kato‘aga such as cooking, eating, and interacting outdoors, making a campsite an optimal choice.

Photographs from the weekend celebration in Wales (like those from other kato‘aga) were posted on the group’s Facebook page, further reinforcing the bonds among participants as well as reaffirming their Rotuman identity.

Performing diasporic relationships: Pacific houses in Europe



A. - [Chris]tina Engels-Schwarzpaul (Auckland University of Technology - Te Wānanga Aronui o Tāmaki Makau Rau)


Houses, asserted Walter Benjamin, “have been man's companions since primeval times” (1969a: 239). Fulfilling human needs for shelter, a house not only provides protection from inclement weather; it also shapes and shelters the relationships that unfold under its roof. In Māori and Samoan, houses are called whare and fale. Whare tangata and falefale denote the placenta and their synonyms, whenua and fanua, also mean land. So, if people, houses and land are so intricately related, what happens when people and houses travel?

Starting with the stories of two Pacific houses currently located in Europe, this paper explores the relationships Pacific houses instigate in the diaspora. Hinemihi o te Ao Tāwhito a Māori wharenui (in Clandon Park, London) and a nameless Samoan fale from Apia at the Tropical Islands Resort (in Brand, Berlin) both traveled to Europe to represent their people and countries in very different ways. Likewise, their fates unfolded in different directions: while Hinemihi today provides ‘a home away from home’ for Ngāti Ranana, the Māori expat community in London, the Apia fale at Tropical Islands Resort is deteriorating and no longer even recognized by visitors as a Samoan house. This may be related to the departure of its people: not only of the tufuga (master builders), priests and officials immediately after its opening, but perhaps even more to that of the troupe of Samoan performers who kept it company for the first months at the resort.

Alongside several other houses that traveled to Europe in the 19th and 20th century, Hinemihi and the Apia fale will be considered, not as objects, but in light of how they bind human engagements to a here-and-now space structured by relationships. From both Pacific and European theoretical perspectives (Benjamin, 1969; Durie, 2000; Engels-Schwarzpaul & Wikitera, 2009; MacCannell, 1992; Mead, 2003; Refiti, 2015; Sully, 2007; Sully, Raymond & Hoete, 2014; Thode-Arora, 2014; Tui Atua, 2008), the paper will probe under which conditions Pacific houses continue to create and aggregate relationships in the European diaspora, often indexing their ambivalent nature. How do houses and people perform different types of exchange? And do these exchanges, as Albert L. Refiti suggests, articulate some fundamental differences between contemporary Pacific and European types of relationships?

As people in the Pacific express ever more clearly their wishes for new kinds of dialogues and relationships with Europe, which better reflect a connectedness characteristic of the Pacific, the Pacific houses remaining on show in Europe remind us of the secret agreement between past and present generations to which Benjamin referred (1969b: 254). Forgotten and ignored, perhaps, but not lost for history, the relationships initiated under colonization between Europe and the Pacific persist. Pacific houses, in present diasporic contexts, have critical power and the potential to shape and shelter new relationships. This paper will articulate the factors that determine how mutual and Pacific-European relationships can be.

Key references:

Benjamin, W. (1969a). The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. In H. Arendt (Ed.), Illuminations (pp. 217-251). New York, NY: Schocken. (Original work published 1940, Suhrkamp Verlag)

Benjamin, W. (1969b). Theses on the Philosophy of History. In H. Arendt (Ed.), Illuminations (pp. 253-264). New York, NY: Schocken.

Durie, E. (2000). Te Hono ki Hawai'iki: The Bond with the Pacific. In M. Wilson & P. Hunt (Eds.), Culture, Rights, and Cultural Rights. Perspectives from the South Pacific (pp. 47-55). Wellington: Huia.

MacCannell, D. (1992). Empty meeting grounds: The tourist papers. London, UK: Routledge.

Mead, H. M. (2003). Tikanga Māori. Living by Māori Values. Wellington, NZ: Huia Publishers.

Refiti, A. L. (2015 forthcoming). Mavae and Tofiga. The Spatial Exposition of Samoan Architecture. Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, NZ.

Sully, D. (Ed.). (2007). Decolonising Conservation: Caring for Maori Meeting Houses Outside New Zealand. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.

Sully, D., Raymond, R., & Hoete, A. (2014). Locating Hinemihi's People. Journal of Material Culture, 19(2), 209–229.

Thode-Arora, H. (2014 ). From Samoa with Love? Samoan Travellers in Germany 1895-1911. Retracing the Footsteps. München, GER: Museum Fünf Kontinente - Hirmer.

Tui Atua. (2008). Resident, Residence, Residency in Samoan Custom. In T. Suaalii-Sauni, I. Tuagalu, T. N. Kirifi-Alai, & N. Fuamatu (Eds.), Su'esu'e Manogi - In Search of Fragrance: Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Ta'isi and the Samoan Indigenous reference (pp. 93-103). Apia, Samoa: The Centre for Samoan Studies.

The Spirit of Polynesia: A Collective Approach in Maintaining Cultural Performances in Australia.



Dr Vaoiva Ponton (Auckland University of Technology)


Polynesians have navigated countries by sea, air or land spaces which they inhabit with success; sharing their knowledge of survival through dance which is modeled through collective efficacy. Collective efficacy is evident when people work collaboratively to achieve specific goals that are often set at a community level (Kim, 2015). An issue may be identified that requires the support and assistance of many to ensure a positive outcome is met (Avanzi, Schuh, Fraccardi & van Dick, 2015). With respect to continuing the maintenance of Polynesian dance in Melbourne and other states in Australia, the actions and sentiments shown by participants, is evidence of a collective contribution to showcasing the beauty of Polynesian dance. Director of Nuholani Entertainment (Tiffany Noelani Le Nevez) has inspired many to take part in performances in festivals, educational workshops and corporate events to experiencing the benefits of utilizing Polynesian dance as a fitness regime. She is one of a few emerging dance directors who have used Polynesian dance as a form of sharing knowledge in public and private spaces. What will be explored is not only the sharing of traditional knowledge in contemporary spaces, but the use of performance to create collective collaboration and participation in various spaces; be it in parks, dance studios, festival parades and community halls to name a few. This has led to the collaboration of artists in spaces where many have joined as one; uniting to perform under the umbrella of ‘The Spirit of Polynesia’ for specific events. What is enduring is the empowering mana that is shared with participants which is confirmed by their powerful responses in how they feel when performing traditional/contemporary items. Not only were participants involved in performing, the coming together to weave costumes and learn about traditional practices of sharing everything was explored by those who were of non-Polynesian background.

Social media is used as a space whereby communication is initiated inviting anyone to participate in Polynesian dancing –a call to all not just a selected few. This paper looks at performance as a way of sharing stories, identifying factors influencing the maintenance of cultural dancing in spaces. Participants were asked to comment on why they performed and what inspired them to keep attending rehearsals, events or workshops that offered Pacific knowledge on dance and craft. The latter is also related to performances as events where spaces are used to create costumes dancers wear. The preparations for performances not only encompass a sharing of traditional and contemporary knowledge to do with dance but also include the preparation of costumes which adds another dimension to what it means to bring forth ‘The Spirit of Polynesia/the Pacific’ through the act of sharing (Fairbairn-Dunlop, 2013). Within these spaces there are exchanges of conversations, food, gifts and giving of more than just dance. Participants share of their empowerment in not only contributing to the performance but being embraced in what is and develops into a close knit community.

Pacific Spaces of Invisibility



Moana Nepia (University of Hawai'i-Manoa)


As Oceanic or Pacific Island educators, artists and researchers, how might we counter the proliferation of spaces of invisibility, disappearance, erasure and loss within the Pacific through innovative activations of global and local consciousness?

Desires to establish slave free seas and clean supply chains within the fishing industry are thwarted partly by the extent to which current legal systems and industry practices render the spaces and patterns of human rights abuses in international waters invisible (Stringer, C., Simmons., G., & Coulston, D., 2011; Tuck, C. 2013). Layers of international contractual arrangements involving mercenaries and private military companies similarly risk concealing human rights abuses across and in-between national borders (Shameem, S. & Nepia, M., 2013). Drawing attention to human rights abuses, and threats to national integrity or individual livelihoods from rising sea levels, requires creative, political, and legal cooperation.

In this paper, the Māori concept of Te Kore (void, nothingness and potentiality) is promoted as a way to interrogate spaces and themes of invisibility and disappearance within the Pacific – theatrical and socio-political spaces in which “the future can be imagined differently to its colonized or imperial past and neo-colonial globalized present” (Nepia, M. & Brown, C., 2013). An analysis of selected indigenous cosmological narratives and creative artworks establishes precedents for conceptualizing solutions and resolutions to unfulfilled potential through performances where individual and collective responsibilities are ethically entwined.

Among the ancestral and more contemporary artworks referred to in this discussion, a poteteke (sexually explicit dance) from the Ngae and Tinirau narrative according to Ngāti Porou tohunga (scholar) Mohi Ruatapu (Reedy, 1996), and murals at the Punch Bowl war memorial cemetery in Honolulu, provide instances where reinterpretation of established narratives offer ways to understand how the need to restore balance is ongoing. A quote from General Douglas MacArthur’s speech at the Japanese surrender following World War 2 is included in one of the punchbowl murals:

The problem basically is theological
And involves a spiritual recrudescence
And improvement of human character
(www.abmc.gov/memorials).

Whose perspectives were overlooked or rendered invisible here? What silences or invisibilities are we party to, and whose spiritual recrudescence do we seek in our own stagings or contemporary performances? And how might we reconceptualize spaces of invisibility as sites for the restoration of ethical and social justice?


Apulu Tofaga: Deciduous Bodies and Nestling Roosts



Ramona Tiatia (University of Otago)


Home, within the Samoan traditional landscape is organised against three complex physical and symbolic dimensions: back of house, middle of house and front of house. These dimensions, influence important decisions families make about household objects and household spaces; decisions which can also impact health and wellbeing.

Despite some of the advantages associated with dialysing at home, such as time spent with family and the reduced need to travel to medical appointments, there are challenges, which make home-based services both an uncomfortable and unlikely choice. For many families, the built environment can present serious stressors brought on by cold indoor temperatures, limited storage space and fuel poverty. Selecting to dialyse at home requires the patient to follow many formal requirements set out by their respective health authority and can incur additional unforeseen costs which they and their caregivers have to bear. While, home-based services save the New Zealand government monies that otherwise would have been used for institutional services, it raises several key issues about Pacific people’s perceptions and utilisation of their houses as places for the state to provide formal services. It also raises questions about the unique and innovative ways that Pacific peoples transform their lived environments by re-enacting rituals that draw from the ocean tides and winds in order to gain spiritual and practical insights about the problems they experience in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

The word apulu refers to the sticky coating of organic matter caused by perspiration and medicinal applications (plant and oil) which have accumulated over time. Apulu tōfāga, is a respectful term in reference to a family member’s illness, but more specifically to the place or primary site of illness. In my paper, “Apulu Tofaga: Deciduous Bodies and Nestling Roosts”, I will show how the Samoan traditional landscape has relevance for the ways in which houses are conceptualised and utilised in response to challenges associated with chronic illness, palliative renal care, gender arrangements, transplantation and dying at home.

Zombie architecture: Sacrifice in Polynesia and European buildings



Albert L Refiti (Auckland University of Technology)

Ross Jenner (University of Auckland)


This paper proposes a dialogue between Pacific and Western ideas about the role of ritual and sacrifice in structuring an origin of sacred buildings in the West and in the Pacific through notions of the (re)animated dead. This architectural dialogue, in which we pitch the Wharenui against the Temple of Hera, is important because we want to see if there is a common ground, first in the way language tropes are used to describe space and architectural ornaments linked to sacrifice; secondly the use of architectural forms such as mounds and altars as being central to rituals of sacrifice and thirdly the use of ornaments in buildings as the “concretion or the reconstruction of the dead person within” (Hersey, 1989).

We term this “Zombie architecture” because we see these as attempts at encrusting the living dead within buildings, which take on important roles as ornaments and ritual attractors (Kahn, 2008) – they reanimate the dead within the space of the living. The wooden altar frame of Greek architecture, which Hersey sees as the origin of the temple, was used to hang dismembered sacrificial bodies. Our conjecture is that something similar is to be found in Pacific buildings. Reconstructing the ground by mounding, heaping or carving of earth and stone, binds and fixes the dead ‘in place’. There is also the link between blood sacrifice and sanctification, which encloses these sites as tapu, within a temenos.

These architectural strategies express mourning and melancholia (Freud, 1957) in which the dead become symbolized in a betwixt world of the living as petrified objects that suspend the time of the ancestors as impressions onto the present. Ancestors are progenitors and gods in both Western and Pacific mythology; our connection to them guarantees that the human world remain part of a cosmological schema.

The paper will look closely at the relationship between Western altar and Polynesian ahu which do have their origins as places of offering (food) and sacrifice that are central to the architecture of rituals celebrating a cosmic relationship between earth and sky.

We will also look at mounds and marae as forms that solicit and keep divinities in a place, enabling the ariki, chiefs and priests, to commune with them. (Pollard, 2013) The role of heaped mats or stone seats are important here, they keep the place still, stopping movement – quieting the land, making it holy – sacer. Traditionally, the tectonic, which is to say, timber building of the Pacific has been given priority in architectural accounts. This paper attempts to redress the balance by emphasizing the stereotomic - in heaping, stacking and mounding as opposed to the element of framing, jointing and hanging (Semper, 2004). Mounding is found at the beginnings of European architecture, we suggest it is also at the beginnings of Polynesian architecture.

We are seeking an encounter between Pacific and Western concepts of sacred architecture in which we attempt to look for commonalities, which have the potential to re-frame understandings of both architectural traditions.


Freud, S., Strachey, J., Freud, A., Strachey, A., & Tyson, A. (1957). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud: Volume XIV, 1914-1916 (J. Strachey, Trans.). London, England: The Hogarth Press.

Hersey, G. (1989). The Lost Meaning of Architecture: Speculations on ornaments from Vitruvius to Venturi. Cambridge, MASS / London, England: The MIT Press.

Kahn, J., G. (2008). Ritual house posts, and "House Societies" in Polynesia: Modelling inter- and intra- household variability. Rapa Nui Journal, 22(1), 14-29.

Pollard, J. (2013). From Ahu to Avebury: monumentality, the social, and relational ontologies. In B. Alberti, Jones, Andrew M. and Pollard, Joshua (Ed.), Archaeology After Interpretation: Returning Materials to Archaeological Theory (pp. 177-196). Walnut Creek, US: Left Coast Press.

Semper, G. (2004). Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts; or, Practical Aesthetics (H. F. Mallgrave, Trans.). Los Angeles, CA: Getty Research Institute.